What is Cloud Storage?

What is cloud storage?

Cloud storage is a service that allows you to store personal or business data and files on remote servers that are managed by a third party. It’s considered a cost-efficient and ultra-scalable alternative to storing data on filers or storage networks in a traditional on-premise data centre.

Accessing data stored in the cloud is simple—depending on the type of cloud services you have, you either gain access through the public internet or through a dedicated private network. Because the data is hosted off-site, you can access your data from virtually any location or connected device.

Cloud-based storage services transfer all the responsibility for hosting, securing, managing, and maintaining the servers and related infrastructure to the cloud services provider—instead of your enterprise IT team.

How does cloud storage work?

Data stored in the cloud makes the storage location transparent to the user and applications. The end user saves their data onto a local folder, however, the folder points to a logical namespace that is internally mapped to an end point that could be anywhere in the world. The user can access the storage remotely with an internet connection—which means they can retrieve or view their data from anywhere or any device.

When an application needs to access your data in the public or private cloud, it can do so through traditional storage protocols, such as Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI), Fiber Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), or Network File System (NFS) or Server Message Block (SMB). Or, it can access your data directly using an application programming interface, or API such as S3 or Swift.

The storage system that stores your data is a software-based unified storage solution built upon clustered, shared-nothing nodes to create a pool of resources. Storage controllers are virtualised and provide access to block-distributed data, files, and objects. This helps in scale-up non-disruptively by adding virtual resources to storage controllers and scale-out non-disruptively by adding physical nodes for predictable resource and performance growth. From there, deployment is automated. Enterprise-grade backup, ready to back up any workload.

The data you store on those off-site storage systems is often shared, or copied, to one or more sites. This creates redundancy and ensures that you can still access your data even if one of those sites malfunctions or shuts down for maintenance. In addition to protecting your data with multiple copies, features such as WORM (Write-Once, Read-Many) and immutability protect critical data against ransomware attacks.

What are the benefits of cloud storage?

The two biggest advantages of cloud storage are remote access to data from anywhere and near-infinite scalability. But those aren’t the only advantages. Others benefits of cloud storage include:

• CAPEX cost savings – cloud storage eliminates the need to buy and manage on-premises data storage infrastructure. Instead, pay for storage as you use in an OPEX Storage as a Service (STaaS) model.
• Overall cost efficiency (TCO) – delivers capacity on demand with a pay-as-you-go pricing model.
• Increased agility and speed – cloud storage provides elasticity, so you can scale up or down as needed and meet peak demands without having to permanently purchase resources you might not need later.
• Reduced administrative burden – frees your IT team from the daily tasks of procuring, installing, administering, and maintaining storage infrastructure.
• Business continuity (Backup and DR) – because your data is stored off-site, it’s available in the event of an outage or natural disaster in your local area.
• Increased accessibility and collaboration – users can share data and collaborate on files even when geographically separated.
• Advanced analytics - leverage SaaS-based data analytics tools to perform artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) based on the structured and unstructured data that is stored in on-prem or cloud storage.

Cloud storage models

There are three primary models of cloud storage:

1. Public cloud storage

For this type, storage resources (or server space) are abstracted from hardware and offered by a cloud services vendor. Public cloud storage can be used for files that you want to share with remote users—with providers that include Dropbox, Google Docs, and Apple iCloud. Or, it can be used to store data for business applications. The most commonly used providers for this type of public cloud storage are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. Public cloud storage can also be accessed by applications using S3 API.

2. Private cloud storage

Some businesses opt for private cloud storage, which they can secure behind a firewall for close control over their data. Instead of residing on the internet at large like public cloud storage, private cloud storage can reside in the company’s own network and use virtualisation to build capacity. This gives the business complete control over their on-premise private cloud data. Another option is to use a third-party cloud storage provider, who will create a cloud storage space off-site that is dedicated solely to your business through a private connection. Third-party providers are called managed service providers or MSPs. MSPs manage the storage infrastructure for your business against pre-agreed Service Level Agreements  (SLAs).

3. Hybrid cloud storage

The hybrid cloud storage model combines public and private cloud storage for greater flexibility. Businesses can choose what data to store in the public cloud and what data to store in a private cloud. Typically, highly regulated information or sensitive data is stored in a private cloud, while less sensitive information or backups can go on the public cloud. In a hybrid environment, there needs to be some level of management and orchestration between them. Hybrid and multicloud platform solutions from Nutanix, such as Nutanix Clusters, can facilitate the movement and management of data between public and private cloud environments. Leveraging the Nutanix Cloud Platform, Nutanix Unified Storage is built for scale, performance, and integrated data security requirements of modern applications deployed on core, cloud, or edge. Nutanix Unified Storage is a software-defined storage platform that consolidates seamless access and management of siloed block, file, and object storage into a single platform. With Nutanix Unified Storage, customers can set policies to tier data to the public cloud. The policies can be based on the age of the data, compliance data, etc.

4. Multicloud storage

Most organisations today use more than one cloud. They might use multiple public clouds or a mix of public and private clouds – and often combine those cloud environments with on-premises environments. That’s why multicloud storage should be considered a must-have for any enterprise with workloads and data in the cloud.

Multicloud storage integrates the storage services of more than one cloud provider into a single architecture. Whether you’re combining managed service providers, third-party cloud vendors or native public cloud services into one environment, multicloud storage can become a real differentiator for your organisation. That’s because moving away from localised storage and toward a single pool of data storage across all of your environments helps you: 

• Better protect data
• Increase flexibility in workload and data placement
• Become more agile
• Optimise storage spend with freedom to get the most economical multicloud storage solutions available
• Avoid vendor lock-in

Organisations usually manage multicloud data storage with purpose-built multicloud controllers. These controllers are typically made up of a variety of agents for clusters, security, and storage management. The controller makes it possible for you to combine all storage resources under a single API and namespace. This gives IT a centralised location from which to manage, monitor and optimise as needed.

Cloud storage types

There are three main types of cloud storage: object, file, and block. Each type has characteristics that make it the best choice for certain use cases.  

Object storage

Designed to simplify storage of unstructured data – which makes up the vast majority of data generated by enterprises today – object storage is a critical component in any organisation’s cloud storage strategy. It works by breaking data into objects (or smaller chunks of data) with unique identifiers and detailed metadata that make it fast and easy to access that data. Object storage doesn’t change the format of the original data, whether it was an audio file, machine learning data, social media content or video footage. Data objects are stored in a single scalable storehouse, which provides near unlimited scalability. Other benefits include faster access to data, reduction in storage costs, ability to optimise resources with fewer limitations than other storage types, and easier data analytics, thanks to each object’s metadata. 

File storage

File storage is a process of saving information in files, folders, and directories. It is very hierarchical. It’s used often in data repositories and works well with data that is structured – which means information that can easily be organised into rows and columns, such as on a spreadsheet. It tends to be inexpensive compared to the other storage types. It’s typically easy to use, allows you to store a complete file (that isn’t broken up into objects or blocks) in a single location, and provides fast, simple data retrieval. Another advantage is the built-in data security, such as a feature that allows you to create passwords to access data and more. Two main challenges with file storage is scalability – because each new file adds to the increasingly lengthy paths a user must traverse to access that data – and slower performance. As the directories grow and the entire system gets larger, it takes longer to drill down to the specific data you need. 

Block storage

With block storage, data is broken up into consistently sized blocks. Every block gets a unique address for retrieval but it does not include metadata. It relies on software that can control how the collection of blocks is organised and where each block is located on the multiple storage drives. That software is also responsible for accessing relevant blocks when data is needed and then recombining the blocks into a whole file for the user. Because blocks can be stored wherever there is space on storage servers, it can be fast to retrieve. Block storage is often chosen for storing data and applications where low latency is critical. Advantages of block storage include high performance as well as flexibility and ease of moving blocks around (or adding new blocks) as needed without affecting performance. One challenge with block storage is that block data can’t be accessed by multiple servers at one time. It can also be more expensive than other storage types and require more specialised skills in IT staff to operate and manage it.

Cloud storage requirements

Some key requirements must be considered when looking for cloud storage. You want to ensure that your data is safe, secure, and available when needed. Here are the top three criteria to prioritise:

• Durability - data should be stored across multiple facilities and multiple devices. Natural disasters, human error, or mechanical faults should not result in data loss.
• Availability - all data stored in the cloud should be available whenever needed. The ideal cloud storage will deliver the right balance of retrieval times and cost.
• Security - all data should be encrypted, both at rest and in transit. Permissions and access controls should work both in the cloud as well as on-premises. The shared storage needs to be protected against malware and ransomware attacks.
  
• Scalability - unstructured data such as PDFs, videos, audios, images, etc are growing exponentially and the storage needs to scale easily while retaining the application performance.

Features of cloud storage 

The features offered by cloud storage providers can differ, depending on the type of storage you use and the provider themselves. However, most cloud storage services include most of the following features:

• File versioning – helpful during collaborative editing, with the ability to access a previous version if the latest is lost or deleted
• Retention of deleted files – keeps deleted files for a certain time period or indefinitely
• File previews – you can view certain types of file formats, often including images and video
• File archiving – preserves older versions of files for later access, if necessary
• Automatic synchronisation – enables users to share files, or make changes to a document and then access those changes from another device
• Multi-site data backups – this keeps cloud data protected and accessible at all times; often includes automatic, incremental, and open file backups
• Security features – these include multilayered security networks, data encryption (at rest and in transit), zero-knowledge authentication, two-step verification, and more
• Storage snapshots – create a reference of the stored data at a particular point in time for data replication and protection
• WORM & immutability - WORM (Write-Once, Read-Many) and Immutability (data cannot be modified even by the data creator) features to protect data against cyber threats and ransomware attacks
• Scale-out - storage has to scale easily without compromising application performance

Cloud storage use cases

There are many reasons to use cloud storage today. The main one being you don’t want to store your data on one single device, but rather access it from any device, at any time. Here are some other key use cases for cloud storage:

• Backup and recovery - sends a copy of a physical or virtual file or database to the cloud for preservation in case of equipment failure or other disaster.
• Data archiving - moves data that is no longer actively used to a different storage area for long-term retention. It typically consists of older data that may be important to the user, but not at the moment, so is saved for future use or for regulatory compliance purposes.
• Disaster recovery - is similar to backup and recovery, but takes it a step further. Almost all applications, tools, and infrastructure can be replicated to the cloud for safekeeping. It helps protect resources and ensures business continuity. If a disaster hits, enterprises can restore all data from backed up versions to either on-premise or other cloud environments.
• Test and development - environments can be built up, tested and torn down quickly within cloud storage solutions. There is no need to wait months for the provisioning of a new environment, a new tool can be spun up in a matter of minutes within the cloud.

Potential challenges of cloud storage

While cloud storage has many advantages, it also comes with some potential challenges that should be considered. It’s worth it to carefully vet any cloud storage provider to learn how they mitigate or work around these challenges, which can include:

• Lack of administrative control – while some enterprises will appreciate the reduced administrative burden on their in-house IT staff, others might not like having a third party in possession and control of their data.
• Reduced performance – traffic congestion in the public cloud can sometimes result in increased latency, or the time it takes for data to be transmitted.
• Regulatory issues – some highly regulated industries, such as healthcare and finance, have strict guidelines around how and where they store their data. GDPR is another regulatory constraint in the EMEA region that the cloud provider needs to address.
• Vulnerability to attacks – data that is transmitted across networks to remote locations is going to have a degree of vulnerability that data housed in a locked-down data centre doesn’t have. Shared storage is a prime target for Cyber Security and Ransomware attacks.
• Unexpected downtime or poor internet connectivity – in some ways, you’re at the mercy of the cloud storage provider; if their system crashes or their internet goes down, you can’t access your data.
• Vendor lock-in – some providers make it difficult for you to use other providers’ services, due to factors such as platform incompatibility.
• Lack of insights – since the data is stored in third-party systems, it is a challenge to perform analytics and get valuable insights into usage, performance, costing and other metrics.
  

Free vs paid cloud storage

The benefit of free cloud storage is that it is obviously free to use. However, the amount of data you can store is typically small, offering a few GB versus TB. It’s great for individuals who store most of their data locally or for new businesses just starting out that may want to give cloud computing a try without much, if any investment in it. Paid cloud storage offers more data storage, higher security solutions and other features such as an easier user interface and sharing capabilities. Once you’ve outgrown the free storage you might consider paying for one. Nutanix Unified Storage offers unlimited storage capacity for 60 days with the trial and thereafter customers can keep 1TiBs of free storage for Files and 2TiBs of free storage for Objects.

Examples of centralised cloud storage

When it comes to centralised cloud storage, today’s industry leaders are AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud—but these providers are also getting into the distributed cloud storage scene. Centralised cloud storage is a database where data is stored and maintained in one place. On the other hand, distributed data storage stores data in multiple databases across different physical locations and connects them together. The big public cloud players mentioned above offer both types of data storage.